Development and Poverty: A Critical Review of Concepts and Measuring Tools
Adib Nehmeh
In February 2021, the Centre for Arab Unity Studies (CAUS) and the Arab NGO Network for Development (ANND) published a book titled Development and Poverty: A Critical Review of the Concepts and Measuring Tools, authored by Adib Nehme, ANND consultant and member of its executive office.
On the back cover, the author elaborated on the book’s idea and multiple uses as follows:
“From a human rights perspective, poverty is not a social problem; it is a human rights violation. It is neither a condition nor a characteristic. It is a premeditated act that generates poverty (impoverishment) taken by an actual entity, institution, or socioeconomic system.”
I found this sentence (idea) written amid notes that I took while participating in an international conference on “the multiple dimensions of poverty,” held in Brazil in 2005. I found it while working on this book, which is dedicated primarily to presenting a detailed critical review of several national, regional, and international reports and studies on measuring poverty, particularly, multidimensional poverty. The process of producing a consistent and practical approach to studying and measuring poverty from a human rights’ perspective is still in its infancy and is beyond the scope of this book. However, the book does encompass a rights approach, including a presentation and critique of a number of specific experiments (as in the Palestinian example).
The idea of the book stems from my years of working with UN organizations in the field of development, poverty, and social policies. It was a place of many discussions and debates and where I had direct practical experiences as well as organic contributions in producing studies on poverty in Arab countries. Some of these experiences were among the early regional and international experiments in adopting a multidimensional poverty measurement that goes beyond monetary poverty measure (the first report was issued in Lebanon in 1998). This has turned into a widely accepted trend today, especially with the United Nations Development Program (2010) and the World Bank (2018).
The book follows a critical and polemical approach. It reviews many studies, starting with a critique of the results then of measurement methods and theoretical approaches. The first section of the book has two chapters dedicated to the theoretical dimension, which is present in all chapters. This approach directly benefits students and others working within this field. It also aids policy makers and their consultants who can find direct examples from reports on their countries as well as others. These examples can at times offer different paths or alternative ideas. The book reviews 35 reports and studies on poverty, issued from the 1990s up to 2019, including the most recent studies done by international institutions and Arab states.
The first chapter of the book displays the progression of the concept of human development up to the current global development SDG Agenda 2030, which made the eradication of poverty its primary goal. The second chapter is dedicated to the theoretical aspects of poverty, its definition, and measurement. This is done to liberate poverty from the dominance of the economic, monetary, quantitative, and baseline approach, while incorporating philosophy, ethics, sociology, and qualitative and participatory methods. These comprise the comprehensive framework under which poverty studies should be included. This chapter lays the theoretical foundation for the detailed practical critique that ensues in the other chapters of the book, which directly revise specific reports on studies. The critique tackles their methodology, evidence, measurement, indicators, and results.
ANND finds this contribution and sharing of knowledge to be at the heart of its approach and endeavor to adopt a new developmental paradigm concerning the various types of poverty and inequality that is closer to the human rights’ perspective. ANND plans to organize meetings with the author to discuss the content of the book, in order to aid its members, researchers, and activists in various countries to use its ideas and methodology in developing national policies or lobbying for them.
Adib Nehme
Table of the reports covered in the review
International Reports
1- Oxford’s Global Report - Multidimensional Poverty - 2018 (and 2019)
2- The Atkinson Commission Report - Global Poverty Monitoring, The World Bank, 2018
3- World Bank Report - Restructuring Poverty - 2018
4- UNICEF – The Dimensions of Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Methodology
Regional Reports
5- Multidimensional poverty in Arab countries - ESCWA, League of Arab States – 2017
6- Child Poverty in Arab Countries – UNICEF, 2017.
7- Poverty and Deprivation in Some Arab Countries - UBN-UNDP Methodology, League of Arab States, 2009
8- Multidimensional Poverty of Roma - Central Europe, United Nations Development Program
National Reports MODA
9- Child Poverty in Syria 2001-2009 (2017)
10- Child Poverty in Egypt 2014 (2017)
11- Child Poverty in Palestine 2014
12- Child Poverty in Morocco 2015 (2017)
13- Child Poverty in Iraq 2012 (2017)
National Reports MPI
14- Multidimensional Poverty in Syria 2001-2009 (2017)
15- Multidimensional Poverty in Morocco (2014)
16- Multidimensional Poverty in Libya (2016)
17- Multidimensional Poverty in Iraq 1 (2011) in the 2014 Human Development Report
18- Multidimensional Poverty in Iraq 2 (2012) in the 2014 Unrealized Development Report
19- Multidimensional Poverty in Sudan and South Sudan 2009 (2015)
Rights Perspective
20- Poverty in Palestine - A Rights Perspective - 2019
National Reports UBN
21- Mapping of Living Conditions in Lebanon - 1995 (1998)
22- Development of Mapping of Living Conditions in Lebanon, 1995-2004 (2008)
23- Mapping of Human Poverty and Living Conditions in Lebanon 2004 (2008)
24- Index to Urban Deprivation, Tripoli - 2012 (2014)
25- Mapping of Deprivation and Living Standards in Iraq - 2004 (2006)
26- Mapping of Deprivation Levels in Iraq – 2007 (2011)
27- The Development of the Quality of Life in Jordan 2002-2010 (2012)
28- Quality of Life Index in Jordan 2010 (2012)
Self-Poverty
29- Self-Poverty in Morocco - In the 2017 Human Development Report
30- Self-Poverty and Social Capital in Egypt 2001 (2003)
Participatory Poverty
31- Participatory Poverty Assessment Report - Palestine (2002)
Population and Location
32- Poverty and Human and Social development in Morocco 2004 (2005)
33- Algeria – Map of Poverty Among Local Communities, 2001
34- Algeria - Revision of the Poverty Map at the Local Communities’ Level, 2006
Appendix, Monetary Poverty
35- Poverty and Inclusion in the West Bank and Gaza 2009 (2011)
